Key words
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| Holoptelin-A, tumour, DAL, friedlin |
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INTRODUCTION
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| Nature has blessed mankind with a treasure of medicinal plants. Natural products have always remained a profile source for the discovery of new drugs and are used since Vedic period [1]. Holoptelea integrifolia is a medium-sized large glaborous tree about 15-25 m in height with whitish or yellowish grey bark exfoliating in irregular flakes and possesses an offensive smell when cut freshly [2]. It belongs to family Ulmaceae and is having 15 genera and 200 species. |
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| Vernacular Names: Hindi- Chirmil, Chilbil, Chilla, Dhamna, Kandru, Kanju, Karanji, Kumba, Kunjanali, Kunj; Gujarati- Charel; Marathi-Papara; Sanskrit- Chirbilva; Tamil-Ayi [5]; Malayalam- Aval; Punjabi- Arjan, Kacham, Khulen, Papri; Telugu- Nemali, Nevili, Pedanevili; Uriya- Dharango [3, 4, 5, 6]. Distribution: It is widely distributed all over tropical and temperate regions of Northern hemisphere including Indian Peninsula to Indo China, Burma and Srilanka. It is abundantly found in sub Himalayan hills of Assam, Bihar, Ajmere, Bundelkhand [3, 6]. |
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PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES:
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| Holoptelia integrifolia is a large spreading glaborous deciduous tree about 15-18 m high having mucilaginous bark and elliptic leaves [6]. |
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| Leaf is green in colour with slight aromatic odour. External margin of leaf is rough, with particulate venation acute apex and symmetrical base with curved petiole and broad alternate lamina. Leaf is broad approx 2-3 cm in size [4]. Leaves are 7.5-12.5 by 3.3-6.3 cm in size. These are elliptic, acuminate, glaborous having rounded base [6]. The upper epidermis of leaf consists of small barrel shaped parenchymatous cells. Trichomes are present on both the surfaces of leaf and majority of them are present along the midrib and minimum are found along the lamina. Stomata are present on lower surface and represented by anomocytic type. The vascular bundle is ovoid in shape. Between the upper epidermis and the vascular bundle, 6 to 7 layer of irregular shaped collenchyma cells are present. The vascular bundle is collateral and open endark. There occur few layers of cambium in between the xylem and phloem. The phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. Xylem consists of xylem vessels, tracheids and parenchyma. Xylem is seen on the upper side whereas phloem is seen towards the lower side of the epidermis [4]. |
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| Stem is brown in colour having agreeable smell and smooth texture. The transverse section of stem is circular and covered with many unicellular, uniseriate trichomes. The outermost multilayered periderm consists of cork cambium and secondary cortex. The cork layer is interrupted at many places due to the presence of lenticels. The cortex is multilayered and consists of parenchymatous cells. The primary phloem remains as patches of crushed tissue. The secondary phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem, parenchyma and phloem rays. Vessels are present in broken conditions and crushed form. The xylem is represented by both primary and secondary xylem tissue. It consists of vessels and tracheids. The primary xylem is towards the pith, while, the secondary xylem consists of large vessels and xylem parenchyma. Xylem is found in the form of continuous medullary rays. The pith is large and remains to the central part of the stem. It consists of thin walled parenchymatous cells having many intercellular spaces. The pith regions have oil droplets. Flowers are sessile, male and bisexual, ciliate, and obtuse. Stamens are biseriate and anthers are slightly curved, hairy, introrse. Ovary is compressed – ovate. Stalk is elongating in fruit which is dry, winged, compressed samara, reticulate. Seeds are flat and exalbuminous [4]. |
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CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
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| The plant has been reported to possess chemical constituents like terpenoids, sterols, saponins, tannins, proteins, carbohydrates and alkaloids [3], flavonoids. The phytoconstituents isolated from stem bark are holoptelin- A (Fig I) and holoptelin-B (Fig II), 2-aminonaphthoquinone, Friedlin (Fig III), epifredlin (Fig V), ?-sitosterol, ?-D-glucose, ?-amyrin (Fig IV), hederagenin (heart wood), hexacosanol (Fig VI). 1, 4-naphthalenedione has been isolated from leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia and is reported to possess antibacterial activity against Staphylocopccus aureus [7]. |
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ANALYSIS:
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| Procedure of HPTLC of Holoptelia integrifolia fruit as described in Ayurvedic atlas is as follows [12]: Mobile phase: Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (4.0: 5.0:1.0) |
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| Tank saturation: 20 minutes |
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| Sample applied: 10 ìl |
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| Solvent front: 80 mm |
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| Drying: For 10 minutes |
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| Detection/ Visualization: At 254 nm, 366 nm & after derivatization |
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| Derivatization: Derivatize the plate with anisaldehyde sulphuric acid reagent and heat the plate at 105° C till the band develop. (Table 1) |
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TRADITIONAL USES:
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| Plant is useful in treatment of obesity, edema, and bronchitis. It has been known to be protease inhibitor. Mucilage and juice obtained from boiled bark has been reported to be useful in rheumatism, intestinal tumour when applied externally. Bark juice is applied to rheumatic swellings [6]. Bark juice is useful as oxytoxic in pregnancy. Paste of seeds and bark stem is externally useful in ringworm, eczema and cutaneous affections. Paste of stem bark is applied externally to treat inflammation of lymph gland and common fever, scabies and ringworm. Paste of bark and leaf is applied externally for treatment of leucoderma [3, 4, 5]. It is used for ornamental purposes in Pakistan [3]. Bark boiled in oil of Pongamia glabra and garlic is applied externally for the treatment of eczema [13]. Bark and leaves are astringent, bitter, antihelmintic, and are used for the treatment of diabetes, skin disease, intestinal disorder, leprosy, rheumatism [2] and wound-healing in form of paste [14].It is an important pollen allergent plant of India [5, 15]. |
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CONCLUSION:
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| Holoptelia integrifolia is a deciduous tree belonging to family Ulmaceae. It is rich in phytochemicals including alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, fixed oils. It possesses various ethnomedicinal uses. Till now, a very less research has been done on this plant. So a need arises to focus on this plant and its isolated constituents. |
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Conflict of Interest
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| NONE |
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Source of Support
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| NIL |
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Tables at a glance
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| Table 1 |
Table 2 |
Table 3 |
Table 4 |
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Figures at a glance
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| Figure 1 |
Figure 2 |
Figure 3 |
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Figure 6 |
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References
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- Bhutani, KK, Gohil, VM. Natural Products drug discovery in India: Status and appraisal. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 2010; 48: 199-207.
- Prajapati, P, Patel, NM. Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical evaluation of leaves of Holopteliaintegrifolia. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2010; 1: 34-40.
- Mahmud, S, Shareef, H, Ahmad, M, Gouhar, S, Rizwani, GH. Pharmacognostic studies on fresh mature leaves of Holopteliaintegrifolia Planch. Pakistan Journal of Botany 2010; 42: 3705-3708.
- Benjamin, JRKP, Christopher, PKS. Preliminary Phytochemical and Pharmacognostic studies of HolopteleaintegrifoliaRoxb.Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2009; 13: 1222-1231.
- Sharma, S, Khatri, P, Pandey, A, Jakhetia, V, Chaturvedi, L, Dwivedi, N. Anti-diabetic screening leaves extract of Holopteleaintegrifolia. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 2010; 2: 66-71.
- Kirtikar, K.R., Basu, B.D., 1999. Indian Medicinal Plants.Bishen Singh and Mahendrapal Singh Publishers, Dehradun, India.
- Vinod, NV, Haridas, M, Sadasivan, C. Isolation of 1, 4- naphthalenedione, an antibacterial principle from the leaves of Holopteleaintegrifolia and its activity against β-lactam resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2010; 47: 53-55.
- https://www.lookchem.com/cas-155/155566-37- 3.html
- https://www.lookchem.com/cas-508/5085-72- 3.html
- Kalpana, Upadhyay, A. Anti-inflammatory evaluation of ethanolic extract of leaves of Holopteleaintegrifolia, Planch. Annals of Biological Research 2010; 1: 185-195.
- https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C50652 5&Mask=200
- HPTLC- Fingerprint atlas of Ayurvedic Single Plant Drugs mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Vol- III and IV. Central council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha.WHO, India
- Harsha, VH, Hebbar, SS, Shripathi, V, Hedge, G. Ethnomedicobotany of Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka, India- plants in treatment in treatment of skin diseases. Journal of Ethopharmacology 2003; 84: 37-40.
- Shrinivas, S, Lakshmi, KS, Rajesh, T. Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal potentials of ethanolic extract of leaves of Holopteleaintegrifolia in mice model. International Journal of Pharma Tech Research 2009; 1: 832-836.
- Singh, AB, Kumar, P. Aeroallergens in clinical Practice of allergy in India: An overview. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 2003; 10: 131-136.
- Lakshmi, KS, Sharma, SS, Rajesh, T, Chitra, V. Antitumour activity of Holopteliaintegrifolia on Dalton’s ascetic lymphoma in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2010; 44- 47.
- Saraswathy, A, S, Devi, SN, Ramasamy, D. Antioxidant, heavy metals and elemental analysis of Holopteleaintegrifolia Planch. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2008; 70: 683-576.
- Vaghasiya, Y, Chanda, S. Screening of some traditionally used Indian plants for antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology 2009; 3: 161-164.
- Paarakh, PM, Nadella D. Antibacterial activity of different extracts of stem bark of HolopteleaintegrifoliaRoxb. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 2011; 2: 111-113.
- Durga, N, Paarakh PM. Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of stem bark of Holopteleaintegrifolia Planch. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 2010; 1: 637-641.
- Kumar, B, Kaur, Sarabjot, Puri, S, Tiwari,P, Divakar K. Comparative study of anthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of bark of Holopteleaintegrifolia. International Journal of Drug Development and Research 2010; 2: 758-763.
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